Clemson researchers adopted novel surface grafting methods to evaluate the impact of the graft characters on the properties of the CNC nanocomposite. The properties of the composites are not only determined by the matrix and the filler, but also the filler-matrix interface.

This is especially true for the nanocomposites that a large area of interface exists and influences the composites’ properties such as thermal conductivity, stress transfer, and gas distribution. By adapting the covalent grafting or physical adsorption, the CNC-matrix interfacial interaction could be tuned by adjusting the graft length, graft density, and the graft polymer species.

The encapsulation of aqueous cargo is a widely acknowledged challenge despite its tremendous industrial value for numerous applications, ranging from self-healing and drug delivery to cosmetics and pesticides.

The study demonstrates an effective method to encapsulate a hydrophilic payload through the use of polyurethane‐poly (melamine‐formaldehyde) (PU‐PMF) dual‐component capsules based upon the water‐in‐oil‐in‐oil (W/O/O) emulsion template.

The image shows how the middle oil layer of a “water-in‐oil‐in‐oil” (W/O/O) emulsion is formed, and how the dual‐component capsule shell is created based on this double‐emulsion template. The as‐prepared capsule exhibits a dense and strong shell with tunable size.

One of the goals is to reduce the cost of making vehicles lighter, which improves their mileage and helps automotive companies meet federal fuel efficiency standards. But researchers said the technology could be used in a variety of industries, including home appliance manufacturing.

The new method could reduce infrastructure costs and cycle time, while helping ensure that the pieces are mistake free and fit snugly together. The technology could be ready for the manufacturing floor in as little as two years.

When some parts are made conventionally, one machine stamps sheet metal into the desired shape, and another machine creates polymer or composite parts. Then the pieces are bonded together with glue.

In hybrid single-shot manufacturing, it’s all done in one machine. The technology can be used in existing equipment, obviating the need for major capital investment, Pilla said.

As part of the research, Farahani built a “concept design tool,” and covered it with sensors that measure everything from temperature to pressure. He also created his own software that allows researchers to create a computer model of the machine’s process, also called a “digital twin.” The digital twin coupled with artificial intelligence is playing a crucial role in teaching the machine to operate on its own.

Researchers also plan to test the new technology at the Clemson Composites Center with the goal of making real components.

One of the goals is to reduce the cost of making vehicles lighter, which improves their mileage and helps automotive companies meet federal fuel efficiency standards. But researchers said the technology could be used in a variety of industries, including home appliance manufacturing.

The technology could be ready for the manufacturing floor in as little as two years, Pilla said.

When some parts are made conventionally, one machine stamps sheet metal into the desired shape, and another machine creates polymer or composite parts. Then the pieces are bonded together with glue.

In hybrid single-shot manufacturing, it’s all done in one machine. The technology can be used in existing equipment, obviating the need for major capital investment, Pilla said.

The new method could reduce infrastructure costs and cycle time, while helping ensure that the pieces are mistake free and fit snugly together.

Pilla illustrated the work with a half-moon-shaped piece of polymer that was embedded in a rectangular piece of sheet metal.

“We are shooting the polymer into the sheet metal, and that is deforming the sheet metal,” he said. “While it’s deforming, it’s also bonding to the sheet metal. So, it’s one single operation.”

Farahani moved to Greenville from Tehran Polytechnic to work under Pilla as a Ph.D. student at the Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research.

“When I found this research topic in the literature, I thought, ‘This is going to be perfect for me,’” Farahani said. “My academic background is metal forming, but my experience is mostly on composite and plastic tool design. So with this subject, I can combine these two together.”

Pilla said the team’s approach to the research is unique.

“Maybe one or two research groups in the world have been working on this, but they are all looking at it from the metals side,” he said. “We actually flipped the problem, and we said, ‘This one people will do, and it’s easy to do because sheet metal has a pretty established methodology.’

“Also, my expertise is in polymers and composites, so it makes sense to investigate the problem by flipping it.”

As part of the research, Farahani built a “concept design tool,” and covered it with sensors that measure everything from temperature to pressure. He also created his own software that allows researchers to create a computer model of the machine’s process, also called a “digital twin.”

The digital twin coupled with artificial intelligence is playing a crucial role in teaching the machine to operate on its own.

For the tool to learn, it needs to make mistakes. But allowing the tool to run hundreds of cycles would be too expensive.

Instead, researchers have conducted a limited number of experiments with the machine. Now they are feeding data from the experiments into the machine’s digital twin, along with physics-based models that helps the machine understand its limitations.

“We are saying that science has limits, and these are the limits for you,” Pilla said of the message to the machine. “Then the machine will know what it’s capabilities are and accordingly it will try to learn by itself.”

The research helped Farahani secure his Ph.D. in automotive engineering in December. He is continuing this work as a postdoctoral researcher in Pilla’s lab to further refine the digital twin.

Researchers also plan to test the new technology at the Clemson Composites Center with the goal of making real components.